[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HLAA_HUMAN HLAA_HUMAN] Selection of immunotherapy in solid cancer;Birdshot chorioretinopathy;Prediction of phenytoin or carbamazepine toxicity. Alleles A*02:01 and A*24:02 are associated with increased susceptibility to diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent (IDDM) (PubMed:22245737, PubMed:18802479, PubMed:16731854, PubMed:22522618). In a glucose-dependent way, allele A*02:01 may aberrantly present the signal peptide of preproinsulin (ALWGPDPAAA) on the surface of pancreatic beta cells to autoreactive CD8-positive T cells, potentially driving T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in pancreatic islets (PubMed:22245737, PubMed:18802479). Allele A*24:02 may present the signal peptide of preproinsulin (LWMRLLPLL) and contribute to acute pancreatic beta-cell destruction and early onset of IDDM (PubMed:16731854, PubMed:22522618).<ref>PMID:16731854</ref> <ref>PMID:18802479</ref> <ref>PMID:22245737</ref> <ref>PMID:22522618</ref> Allele A*03:01 is associated with increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (PubMed:10746785). May contribute to the initiation phase of the disease by presenting myelin PLP1 self-peptide (KLIETYFSK) to autoreactive CD8-positive T cells capable of initiating the first autoimmune attacks (PubMed:18953350).<ref>PMID:10746785</ref> <ref>PMID:18953350</ref> Allele A*26:01 is associated with increased susceptibility to Behcet disease (BD) in the Northeast Asian population. Especially in the HLA-B*51-negative BD populations, HLA-A*26 is significantly associated with the onset of BD.<ref>PMID:30872678</ref> Allele A*29:02 is associated with increased susceptibility to birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). May aberrantly present retinal autoantigens and induce autoimmune uveitis.<ref>PMID:1728143</ref>
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/WT1_HUMAN WT1_HUMAN] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Frasier syndrome (FS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/136680 136680]. FS is characterized by a slowly progressing nephropathy leading to renal failure in adolescence or early adulthood, male pseudohermaphroditism, and no Wilms tumor. As for histological findings of the kidneys, focal glomerular sclerosis is often observed. There is phenotypic overlap with Denys-Drash syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant.<ref>PMID:10571943</ref> Defects in WT1 are the cause of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/194070 194070]. WT is an embryonal malignancy of the kidney that affects approximately 1 in 10'000 infants and young children. It occurs both in sporadic and hereditary forms.<ref>PMID:1317572</ref> <ref>PMID:9108089</ref> <ref>PMID:9529364</ref> <ref>PMID:15150775</ref> Defects in WT1 are the cause of Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/194080 194080]. DDS is a typical nephropathy characterized by diffuse mesangial sclerosis, genital abnormalities, and/or Wilms tumor. There is phenotypic overlap with WAGR syndrome and Frasier syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, but most cases are sporadic.<ref>PMID:9529364</ref> <ref>PMID:1655284</ref> <ref>PMID:1302008</ref> <ref>PMID:1338906</ref> <ref>PMID:8388765</ref> <ref>PMID:8111391</ref> <ref>PMID:8295405</ref> <ref>PMID:8411073</ref> <ref>PMID:8112732</ref> <ref>PMID:8741319</ref> <ref>PMID:8956030</ref> <ref>PMID:9475094</ref> <ref>PMID:10738002</ref> <ref>PMID:11182928</ref> <ref>PMID:10799199</ref> <ref>PMID:11519891</ref> <ref>PMID:15349765</ref> Defects in WT1 are the cause of nephrotic syndrome type 4 (NPHS4) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256370 256370]. A renal disease characterized clinically by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. Kidney biopsies show non-specific histologic changes such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and diffuse mesangial proliferation. Some affected individuals have an inherited steroid-resistant form and progress to end-stage renal failure. Most patients with NPHS4 show diffuse mesangial sclerosis on renal biopsy, which is a pathologic entity characterized by mesangial matrix expansion with no mesangial hypercellularity, hypertrophy of the podocytes, vacuolized podocytes, thickened basement membranes, and diminished patency of the capillary lumen.<ref>PMID:9529364</ref> <ref>PMID:11182928</ref> <ref>PMID:9607189</ref> <ref>PMID:15253707</ref> Defects in WT1 are a cause of Meacham syndrome (MEACHS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/608978 608978]. Meacham syndrome is a rare sporadically occurring multiple malformation syndrome characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism with abnormal internal female genitalia comprising a uterus and double or septate vagina, complex congenital heart defect and diaphragmatic abnormalities.<ref>PMID:17853480</ref> Note=A chromosomal aberration involving WT1 may be a cause of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). Translocation t(11;22)(p13;q12) with EWSR1. Defects in WT1 may be a cause of mesothelioma malignant (MESOM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/156240 156240]. An aggressive neoplasm of the serosal lining of the chest. It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos.<ref>PMID:8401592</ref>
== Function ==
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HLAA_HUMAN HLAA_HUMAN] Antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecule. In complex with B2M/beta 2 microglobulin displays primarily viral and tumor-derived peptides on antigen-presenting cells for recognition by alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR) on HLA-A-restricted CD8-positive T cells, guiding antigen-specific T cell immune response to eliminate infected or transformed cells (PubMed:2456340, PubMed:2784196, PubMed:1402688, PubMed:7504010, PubMed:9862734, PubMed:10449296, PubMed:12138174, PubMed:12393434, PubMed:15893615, PubMed:17189421, PubMed:19543285, PubMed:21498667, PubMed:24192765, PubMed:7694806, PubMed:24395804, PubMed:28250417). May also present self-peptides derived from the signal sequence of secreted or membrane proteins, although T cells specific for these peptides are usually inactivated to prevent autoreactivity (PubMed:25880248, PubMed:7506728, PubMed:7679507). Both the peptide and the MHC molecule are recognized by TCR, the peptide is responsible for the fine specificity of antigen recognition and MHC residues account for the MHC restriction of T cells (PubMed:12796775, PubMed:18275829, PubMed:19542454, PubMed:28250417). Typically presents intracellular peptide antigens of 8 to 13 amino acids that arise from cytosolic proteolysis via IFNG-induced immunoproteasome or via endopeptidase IDE/insulin-degrading enzyme (PubMed:17189421, PubMed:20364150, PubMed:17079320, PubMed:26929325, PubMed:27049119). Can bind different peptides containing allele-specific binding motifs, which are mainly defined by anchor residues at position 2 and 9 (PubMed:7504010, PubMed:9862734).<ref>PMID:10449296</ref> <ref>PMID:12138174</ref> <ref>PMID:12393434</ref> <ref>PMID:12796775</ref> <ref>PMID:1402688</ref> <ref>PMID:15893615</ref> <ref>PMID:17079320</ref> <ref>PMID:17189421</ref> <ref>PMID:18275829</ref> <ref>PMID:19542454</ref> <ref>PMID:19543285</ref> <ref>PMID:20364150</ref> <ref>PMID:21498667</ref> <ref>PMID:24192765</ref> <ref>PMID:24395804</ref> <ref>PMID:2456340</ref> <ref>PMID:25880248</ref> <ref>PMID:26929325</ref> <ref>PMID:27049119</ref> <ref>PMID:2784196</ref> <ref>PMID:28250417</ref> <ref>PMID:7504010</ref> <ref>PMID:7506728</ref> <ref>PMID:7679507</ref> <ref>PMID:7694806</ref> <ref>PMID:9862734</ref> Allele A*01:01: Presents a restricted peptide repertoire including viral epitopes derived from IAV NP/nucleoprotein (CTELKLSDY), IAV PB1/polymerase basic protein 1 (VSDGGPNLY), HAdV-11 capsid L3/hexon protein (LTDLGQNLLY), SARS-CoV-2 3a/ORF3a (FTSDYYQLY) as well as tumor peptide antigens including MAGE1 (EADPTGHSY), MAGEA3 (EVDPIGHLY) and WT1 (TSEKRPFMCAY), all having in common a canonical motif with a negatively charged Asp or Glu residue at position 3 and a Tyr anchor residue at the C-terminus (PubMed:1402688, PubMed:7504010, PubMed:17189421, PubMed:20364150, PubMed:25880248, PubMed:30530481, PubMed:19177349, PubMed:24395804, PubMed:26758806, PubMed:32887977). A number of HLA-A*01:01-restricted peptides carry a post-translational modification with oxidation and N-terminal acetylation being the most frequent (PubMed:25880248). Fails to present highly immunogenic peptides from the EBV latent antigens (PubMed:18779413).<ref>PMID:1402688</ref> <ref>PMID:17189421</ref> <ref>PMID:18779413</ref> <ref>PMID:19177349</ref> <ref>PMID:20364150</ref> <ref>PMID:24395804</ref> <ref>PMID:25880248</ref> <ref>PMID:26758806</ref> <ref>PMID:30530481</ref> <ref>PMID:7504010</ref> Allele A*02:01: A major allele in human populations, presents immunodominant viral epitopes derived from IAV M/matrix protein 1 (GILGFVFTL), HIV-1 env (TLTSCNTSV), HIV-1 gag-pol (ILKEPVHGV), HTLV-1 Tax (LLFGYPVYV), HBV C/core antigen (FLPSDFFPS), HCMV UL83/pp65 (NLVPMVATV) as well as tumor peptide antigens including MAGEA4 (GVYDGREHTV), WT1 (RMFPNAPYL) and CTAG1A/NY-ESO-1 (SLLMWITQC), all having in common hydrophobic amino acids at position 2 and at the C-terminal anchors.<ref>PMID:11502003</ref> <ref>PMID:12138174</ref> <ref>PMID:12796775</ref> <ref>PMID:17079320</ref> <ref>PMID:18275829</ref> <ref>PMID:19542454</ref> <ref>PMID:20619457</ref> <ref>PMID:22245737</ref> <ref>PMID:26929325</ref> <ref>PMID:2784196</ref> <ref>PMID:28250417</ref> <ref>PMID:7694806</ref> <ref>PMID:7935798</ref> <ref>PMID:8630735</ref> <ref>PMID:8805302</ref> <ref>PMID:8906788</ref> <ref>PMID:9177355</ref> Allele A*03:01: Presents viral epitopes derived from IAV NP (ILRGSVAHK), HIV-1 nef (QVPLRPMTYK), HIV-1 gag-pol (AIFQSSMTK), SARS-CoV-2 N/nucleoprotein (KTFPPTEPK) as well as tumor peptide antigens including PMEL (LIYRRRLMK), NODAL (HAYIQSLLK), TRP-2 (RMYNMVPFF), all having in common hydrophobic amino acids at position 2 and Lys or Arg anchor residues at the C-terminus (PubMed:7504010, PubMed:7679507, PubMed:9862734, PubMed:19543285, PubMed:21943705, PubMed:2456340, PubMed:32887977). May also display spliced peptides resulting from the ligation of two separate proteasomal cleavage products that are not contiguous in the parental protein (PubMed:27049119).<ref>PMID:19543285</ref> <ref>PMID:21943705</ref> <ref>PMID:2456340</ref> <ref>PMID:27049119</ref> <ref>PMID:7504010</ref> <ref>PMID:7679507</ref> <ref>PMID:9862734</ref> Allele A*11:01: Presents several immunodominant epitopes derived from HIV-1 gag-pol and HHV-4 EBNA4, containing the peptide motif with Val, Ile, Thr, Leu, Tyr or Phe at position 2 and Lys anchor residue at the C-terminus. Important in the control of HIV-1, EBV and HBV infections (PubMed:10449296). Presents an immunodominant epitope derived from SARS-CoV-2 N/nucleoprotein (KTFPPTEPK) (PubMed:32887977).<ref>PMID:10449296</ref> <ref>PMID:32887977</ref> Allele A*23:01: Interacts with natural killer (NK) cell receptor KIR3DL1 and may contribute to functional maturation of NK cells and self-nonself discrimination during innate immune response.<ref>PMID:17182537</ref> Allele A*24:02: Presents viral epitopes derived from HIV-1 nef (RYPLTFGWCF), EBV lytic- and latent-cycle antigens BRLF1 (TYPVLEEMF), BMLF1 (DYNFVKQLF) and LMP2 (IYVLVMLVL), SARS-CoV nucleocapsid/N (QFKDNVILL), as well as tumor peptide antigens including PRAME (LYVDSLFFL), all sharing a common signature motif, namely an aromatic residue Tyr or Phe at position 2 and a nonhydrophobic anchor residue Phe, Leu or Iso at the C-terminus (PubMed:9047241, PubMed:12393434, PubMed:24192765, PubMed:20844028). Interacts with natural killer (NK) cell receptor KIR3DL1 and may contribute to functional maturation of NK cells and self-nonself discrimination during innate immune response (PubMed:17182537, PubMed:18502829).<ref>PMID:12393434</ref> <ref>PMID:17182537</ref> <ref>PMID:18502829</ref> <ref>PMID:20844028</ref> <ref>PMID:24192765</ref> <ref>PMID:9047241</ref> Allele A*26:01: Presents several epitopes derived from HIV-1 gag-pol (EVIPMFSAL, ETKLGKAGY) and env (LVSDGGPNLY), carrying as anchor residues preferentially Glu at position 1, Val or Thr at position 2 and Tyr at the C-terminus.<ref>PMID:15893615</ref> Allele A*29:02: Presents peptides having a common motif, namely a Glu residue at position 2 and Tyr or Leu anchor residues at the C-terminus.<ref>PMID:8622959</ref> Allele A*32:01: Interacts with natural killer (NK) cell receptor KIR3DL1 and may contribute to functional maturation of NK cells and self-nonself discrimination during innate immune response.<ref>PMID:17182537</ref> Allele A*68:01: Presents viral epitopes derived from IAV NP (KTGGPIYKR) and HIV-1 tat (ITKGLGISYGR), having a common signature motif namely, Val or Thr at position 2 and positively charged residues Arg or Lys at the C-terminal anchor.<ref>PMID:1448153</ref> <ref>PMID:1448154</ref> <ref>PMID:2784196</ref> Allele A*74:01: Presents immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes derived from gag-pol (GQMVHQAISPR, QIYPGIKVR) and rev (RQIHSISER), carrying an aliphatic residue at position 2 and Arg anchor residue at the C-terminus. May contribute to viral load control in chronic HIV-1 infection.<ref>PMID:21498667</ref>
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/WT1_HUMAN WT1_HUMAN] Transcription factor that plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CGCCCCCGC-3'. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation. Function may be isoform-specific: isoforms lacking the KTS motif may act as transcription factors. Isoforms containing the KTS motif may bind mRNA and play a role in mRNA metabolism or splicing. Isoform 1 has lower affinity for DNA, and can bind RNA.<ref>PMID:19123921</ref> <ref>PMID:19416806</ref>
3hpj is a 6 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
WT1_HUMAN Defects in WT1 are the cause of Frasier syndrome (FS) [MIM:136680. FS is characterized by a slowly progressing nephropathy leading to renal failure in adolescence or early adulthood, male pseudohermaphroditism, and no Wilms tumor. As for histological findings of the kidneys, focal glomerular sclerosis is often observed. There is phenotypic overlap with Denys-Drash syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant.[1] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [MIM:194070. WT is an embryonal malignancy of the kidney that affects approximately 1 in 10'000 infants and young children. It occurs both in sporadic and hereditary forms.[2][3][4][5] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) [MIM:194080. DDS is a typical nephropathy characterized by diffuse mesangial sclerosis, genital abnormalities, and/or Wilms tumor. There is phenotypic overlap with WAGR syndrome and Frasier syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, but most cases are sporadic.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Defects in WT1 are the cause of nephrotic syndrome type 4 (NPHS4) [MIM:256370. A renal disease characterized clinically by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. Kidney biopsies show non-specific histologic changes such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and diffuse mesangial proliferation. Some affected individuals have an inherited steroid-resistant form and progress to end-stage renal failure. Most patients with NPHS4 show diffuse mesangial sclerosis on renal biopsy, which is a pathologic entity characterized by mesangial matrix expansion with no mesangial hypercellularity, hypertrophy of the podocytes, vacuolized podocytes, thickened basement membranes, and diminished patency of the capillary lumen.[23][24][25][26] Defects in WT1 are a cause of Meacham syndrome (MEACHS) [MIM:608978. Meacham syndrome is a rare sporadically occurring multiple malformation syndrome characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism with abnormal internal female genitalia comprising a uterus and double or septate vagina, complex congenital heart defect and diaphragmatic abnormalities.[27] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving WT1 may be a cause of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). Translocation t(11;22)(p13;q12) with EWSR1. Defects in WT1 may be a cause of mesothelioma malignant (MESOM) [MIM:156240. An aggressive neoplasm of the serosal lining of the chest. It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos.[28]
Function
WT1_HUMAN Transcription factor that plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CGCCCCCGC-3'. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation. Function may be isoform-specific: isoforms lacking the KTS motif may act as transcription factors. Isoforms containing the KTS motif may bind mRNA and play a role in mRNA metabolism or splicing. Isoform 1 has lower affinity for DNA, and can bind RNA.[29][30]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Presentation of peptides by class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is required for the initiation and propagation of a T cell-mediated immune response. Peptides from the Wilms Tumor 1 transcription factor (WT1), upregulated in many hematopoetic and solid tumors, can be recognized by T cells and numerous efforts are underway to engineer WT1-based cancer vaccines. Here we determined the structures of the class I MHC molecule HLA-A*0201 bound to the native 126-134 epitope of the WT1 peptide and a recently described variant (R1Y) with improved MHC binding. The R1Y variant, a potential vaccine candidate, alters the positions of MHC charged side chains near the peptide N-terminus and significantly reduces the peptide/MHC electrostatic surface potential. These alterations indicate that the R1Y variant is an imperfect mimic of the native WT1 peptide, and suggest caution in its use as a therapeutic vaccine. Stability measurements revealed how the R1Y substitution enhances MHC binding affinity, and together with the structures suggest a strategy for engineering WT1 variants with improved MHC binding that retain the structural features of the native peptide/MHC complex.
Structures of native and affinity-enhanced WT1 epitopes bound to HLA-A*0201: implications for WT1-based cancer therapeutics.,Borbulevych OY, Do P, Baker BM Mol Immunol. 2010 Sep;47(15):2519-24. Epub 2010 Jul 8. PMID:20619457[31]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑Little MH, Prosser J, Condie A, Smith PJ, Van Heyningen V, Hastie ND. Zinc finger point mutations within the WT1 gene in Wilms tumor patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 1;89(11):4791-5. PMID:1317572
↑Schumacher V, Schneider S, Figge A, Wildhardt G, Harms D, Schmidt D, Weirich A, Ludwig R, Royer-Pokora B. Correlation of germ-line mutations and two-hit inactivation of the WT1 gene with Wilms tumors of stromal-predominant histology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3972-7. PMID:9108089
↑Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
↑Royer-Pokora B, Beier M, Henzler M, Alam R, Schumacher V, Weirich A, Huff V. Twenty-four new cases of WT1 germline mutations and review of the literature: genotype/phenotype correlations for Wilms tumor development. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Jun 15;127A(3):249-57. PMID:15150775 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30015
↑Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
↑Pelletier J, Bruening W, Kashtan CE, Mauer SM, Manivel JC, Striegel JE, Houghton DC, Junien C, Habib R, Fouser L, et al.. Germline mutations in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene are associated with abnormal urogenital development in Denys-Drash syndrome. Cell. 1991 Oct 18;67(2):437-47. PMID:1655284
↑Bruening W, Bardeesy N, Silverman BL, Cohn RA, Machin GA, Aronson AJ, Housman D, Pelletier J. Germline intronic and exonic mutations in the Wilms' tumour gene (WT1) affecting urogenital development. Nat Genet. 1992 May;1(2):144-8. PMID:1302008 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0592-144
↑Baird PN, Santos A, Groves N, Jadresic L, Cowell JK. Constitutional mutations in the WT1 gene in patients with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Aug;1(5):301-5. PMID:1338906
↑Little MH, Williamson KA, Mannens M, Kelsey A, Gosden C, Hastie ND, van Heyningen V. Evidence that WT1 mutations in Denys-Drash syndrome patients may act in a dominant-negative fashion. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Mar;2(3):259-64. PMID:8388765
↑Baird PN, Cowell JK. A novel zinc finger mutation in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Dec;2(12):2193-4. PMID:8111391
↑Tsuda M, Sakiyama T, Kitagawa T, Watanabe S, Watanabe T, Takahashi S, Kawaguchi H, Ito K. Molecular analysis of two Japanese cases of Denys-Drash syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(5):876-80. PMID:8295405
↑Clarkson PA, Davies HR, Williams DM, Chaudhary R, Hughes IA, Patterson MN. Mutational screening of the Wilms's tumour gene, WT1, in males with genital abnormalities. J Med Genet. 1993 Sep;30(9):767-72. PMID:8411073
↑Nordenskjold A, Friedman E, Anvret M. WT1 mutations in patients with Denys-Drash syndrome: a novel mutation in exon 8 and paternal allele origin. Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):115-20. PMID:8112732
↑Tsuda M, Sakiyama T, Owada M, Chiba Y. A newly identified exonic mutation of the WT1 gene in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Jun;38(3):265-6. PMID:8741319
↑Ghahremani M, Chan CB, Bistritzer T, Aladjem MM, Tieder M, Pelletier J. A novel mutation H373Y in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene, WT1, associated with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Hered. 1996 Nov-Dec;46(6):336-8. PMID:8956030
↑Kikuchi H, Takata A, Akasaka Y, Fukuzawa R, Yoneyama H, Kurosawa Y, Honda M, Kamiyama Y, Hata J. Do intronic mutations affecting splicing of WT1 exon 9 cause Frasier syndrome? J Med Genet. 1998 Jan;35(1):45-8. PMID:9475094
↑Takata A, Kikuchi H, Fukuzawa R, Ito S, Honda M, Hata J. Constitutional WT1 correlate with clinical features in children with progressive nephropathy. J Med Genet. 2000 Sep;37(9):698-701. PMID:11182928
↑Ohta S, Ozawa T, Izumino K, Sakuragawa N, Fuse H. A novel missense mutation of the Wt1 gene causing Denys-Drash syndrome with exceptionally mild renal manifestations. J Urol. 2000 Jun;163(6):1857-8. PMID:10799199
↑Swiatecka-Urban A, Mokrzycki MH, Kaskel F, Da Silva F, Denamur E. Novel WT1 mutation (C388Y) in a female child with Denys-Drash syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001 Aug;16(8):627-30. PMID:11519891
↑Hu M, Craig J, Howard N, Kan A, Chaitow J, Little D, Alexander SI. A novel mutation of WT1 exon 9 in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome and pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004 Oct;19(10):1160-3. Epub 2004 Jul 28. PMID:15349765 doi:10.1007/s00467-004-1564-3
↑Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
↑Takata A, Kikuchi H, Fukuzawa R, Ito S, Honda M, Hata J. Constitutional WT1 correlate with clinical features in children with progressive nephropathy. J Med Genet. 2000 Sep;37(9):698-701. PMID:11182928
↑Schumacher V, Scharer K, Wuhl E, Altrogge H, Bonzel KE, Guschmann M, Neuhaus TJ, Pollastro RM, Kuwertz-Broking E, Bulla M, Tondera AM, Mundel P, Helmchen U, Waldherr R, Weirich A, Royer-Pokora B. Spectrum of early onset nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 missense mutations. Kidney Int. 1998 Jun;53(6):1594-600. PMID:9607189 doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00948.x
↑Ruf RG, Schultheiss M, Lichtenberger A, Karle SM, Zalewski I, Mucha B, Everding AS, Neuhaus T, Patzer L, Plank C, Haas JP, Ozaltin F, Imm A, Fuchshuber A, Bakkaloglu A, Hildebrandt F. Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2004 Aug;66(2):564-70. PMID:15253707 doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00775.x
↑Suri M, Kelehan P, O'neill D, Vadeyar S, Grant J, Ahmed SF, Tolmie J, McCann E, Lam W, Smith S, Fitzpatrick D, Hastie ND, Reardon W. WT1 mutations in Meacham syndrome suggest a coelomic mesothelial origin of the cardiac and diaphragmatic malformations. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Oct 1;143A(19):2312-20. PMID:17853480 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31924
↑Park S, Schalling M, Bernard A, Maheswaran S, Shipley GC, Roberts D, Fletcher J, Shipman R, Rheinwald J, Demetri G, et al.. The Wilms tumour gene WT1 is expressed in murine mesoderm-derived tissues and mutated in a human mesothelioma. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):415-20. PMID:8401592 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0893-415
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↑Rivera MN, Kim WJ, Wells J, Stone A, Burger A, Coffman EJ, Zhang J, Haber DA. The tumor suppressor WTX shuttles to the nucleus and modulates WT1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 19;106(20):8338-43. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0811349106. Epub 2009 May 4. PMID:19416806 doi:10.1073/pnas.0811349106
↑Borbulevych OY, Do P, Baker BM. Structures of native and affinity-enhanced WT1 epitopes bound to HLA-A*0201: implications for WT1-based cancer therapeutics. Mol Immunol. 2010 Sep;47(15):2519-24. Epub 2010 Jul 8. PMID:20619457 doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.005
