1xmk | pdb_00001xmk
The Crystal structure of the Zb domain from the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1
Structural highlights
Disease[DSRAD_HUMAN] Defects in ADAR are a cause of dyschromatosis symmetrical hereditaria (DSH) [MIM:127400]; also known as reticulate acropigmentation of Dohi. DSH is a pigmentary genodermatosis of autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by a mixture of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules distributed on the dorsal parts of the hands and feet.[1] [2] [3] Function[DSRAD_HUMAN] Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include: bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site, but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit HDV replication.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedThe Zalpha domains represent a growing subfamily of the winged helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain family whose members share a remarkable ability to bind specifically to Z-DNA and/or Z-RNA. They have been found exclusively in proteins involved in interferon response and, while their importance in determining pox viral pathogenicity has been demonstrated, their actual target and biological role remain obscure. Cellular proteins containing Zalpha domains bear a second homologous domain termed Zbeta, which appears to lack the ability to bind left-handed nucleic acids. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Zbeta domain from the human double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1 at 0.97 A, determined by single isomorphous replacement including anomalous scattering. Zbeta maintains a winged-HTH fold with the addition of a C-terminal helix. Mapping of the Zbeta conservation profile on the Zbeta surface reveals a new conserved surface formed partly by the terminal helix 4, involved in metal binding and dimerization and absent from Zalpha domains. Our results show how two domains similar in fold may have evolved into different functional entities even in the context of the same protein. The crystal structure of the Zbeta domain of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 reveals distinct conserved surfaces among Z-domains.,Athanasiadis A, Placido D, Maas S, Brown BA 2nd, Lowenhaupt K, Rich A J Mol Biol. 2005 Aug 19;351(3):496-507. PMID:16023667[14] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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