3m1n
From Proteopedia
Crystal structure of Human Sonic Hedgehog N-terminal domain
Structural highlights
DiseaseSHH_HUMAN Defects in SHH are the cause of microphthalmia isolated with coloboma type 5 (MCOPCB5) [MIM:611638. Microphthalmia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of eye formation, ranging from small size of a single eye to complete bilateral absence of ocular tissues. Ocular abnormalities like opacities of the cornea and lens, scaring of the retina and choroid, cataract and other abnormalities like cataract may also be present. Ocular colobomas are a set of malformations resulting from abnormal morphogenesis of the optic cup and stalk, and the fusion of the fetal fissure (optic fissure).[1] Defects in SHH are the cause of holoprosencephaly type 3 (HPE3) [MIM:142945. Holoprosencephaly (HPE) [MIM:236100 is the most common structural anomaly of the brain, in which the developing forebrain fails to correctly separate into right and left hemispheres. Holoprosencephaly is genetically heterogeneous and associated with several distinct facies and phenotypic variability. The majority of HPE3 cases are apparently sporadic, although clear examples of autosomal dominant inheritance have been described. Interestingly, up to 30% of obligate carriers of HPE3 gene in autosomal dominant pedigrees are clinically unaffected.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Defects in SHH are a cause of solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) [MIM:147250. SMMCI is a rare dental anomaly characterized by the congenital absence of one maxillary central incisor.[14] [15] Defects in SHH are the cause of triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS) [MIM:174500. TPTPS is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of pre- and post-axial abnormalities due to altered SHH expression pattern during limb development. TPTPS mutations have been mapped to the 7q36 locus in the LMBR1 gene which contains in its intron 5 a long-range cis-regulatory element of SHH expression.[16] FunctionSHH_HUMAN Binds to the patched (PTC) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of SHH, PTC represses the constitutive signaling activity of SMO. Also regulates another target, the gli oncogene. Intercellular signal essential for a variety of patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Displays both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. The threshold concentration of N-product required for motor neuron induction is 5-fold lower than that required for floor plate induction (By similarity). Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedWe have defined regions in the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecule that are important for Patched (Ptc) receptor binding by targeting selected surface amino acid residues with probes of diverse sizes and shapes and assessing the effects of these modifications on function. Eleven amino acid residues that surround the surface of the protein were chosen for these studies and mutated to cysteine residues. These cysteines were then selectively modified with thiol-specific probes, and the modified proteins were tested for hedgehog receptor binding activity and their ability to induce differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells into osteoblasts. Based on these analyses, approximately one-third of the Shh surface can be modified without effect on function regardless of the size of the attachment. These sites are located near to where the C terminus protrudes from the surface of the protein. All other sites were sensitive to modification, indicating that the interaction of Shh with its primary receptor Ptc is mediated over a large surface of the Shh protein. For sites Asn-50 and Ser-156, function was lost with the smallest of the probes tested, indicating that these residues are in close proximity to the Ptc-binding site. The epitope for the neutralizing mAb 5E1 mapped to a close but distinct region of the structure. The structure-activity data provide a unique view of the interactions between Shh and Ptc that is not readily attainable by conventional mapping strategies. Mapping sonic hedgehog-receptor interactions by steric interference.,Pepinsky RB, Rayhorn P, Day ES, Dergay A, Williams KP, Galdes A, Taylor FR, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Garber EA J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 14;275(15):10995-1001. PMID:10753901[17] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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