4rf1
From Proteopedia
Crystal structure of the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease in complex with ubiquitin (space group P63)
Structural highlights
FunctionM4STU1_MERS Catalytic subunit of viral RNA capping enzyme which catalyzes the RNA guanylyltransferase reaction for genomic and sub-genomic RNAs. The kinase-like NiRAN domain of NSP12 transfers RNA to the amino terminus of NSP9, forming a covalent RNA-protein intermediate. Subsequently, the NiRAN domain transfers RNA to GDP, forming the core cap structure GpppA-RNA. The NSP14 and NSP16 methyltransferases then add methyl groups to form functional cap structures.[ARBA:ARBA00034461] Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[ARBA:ARBA00002182] Forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[ARBA:ARBA00003443] May play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses.[ARBA:ARBA00003115] Methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of viral mRNAs. N7-methyl guanosine cap is a prerequisite for binding of nsp16. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation which is essential to evade immune system.[ARBA:ARBA00002840] Multi-functional protein with a zinc-binding domain in N-terminus displaying RNA and DNA duplex-unwinding activities with 5' to 3' polarity. Activity of helicase is dependent on magnesium.[ARBA:ARBA00002960] Participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication.[ARBA:ARBA00003070] Plays a pivotal role in viral transcription by stimulating both nsp14 3'-5' exoribonuclease and nsp16 2'-O-methyltransferase activities. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation.[ARBA:ARBA00002697] Plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes.[ARBA:ARBA00003748] Plays a role in viral transcription/replication and prevents the simultaneous activation of host cell dsRNA sensors, such as MDA5/IFIH1, OAS, and PKR (By similarity). Acts by degrading the 5'-polyuridines generated during replication of the poly(A) region of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Catalyzes a two-step reaction in which a 2'3'-cyclic phosphate (2'3'-cP) is first generated by 2'-O transesterification, which is then hydrolyzed to a 3'-phosphate (3'-P) (By similarity). If not degraded, poly(U) RNA would hybridize with poly(A) RNA tails and activate host dsRNA sensors.[ARBA:ARBA00025521] RNA-directed RNA polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Acts in complex with nsp7 and nsp8 to transcribe both the minus and positive strands of genomic RNA. Subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are formed by discontinuous transcription: The polymerase has the ability to pause at transcription-regulating sequences (TRS) and jump to the leader TRS, resulting in a major deletion. This creates a series of subgenomic RNAs that are replicated, transcribed and translated. In addition, Nsp12 is a subunit of the viral RNA capping enzyme that catalyzes the RNA guanylyltransferase reaction for genomic and sub-genomic RNAs. The kinase-like NiRAN domain of NSP12 transfers RNA to the amino terminus of NSP9, forming a covalent RNA-protein intermediate. Subsequently, the NiRAN domain transfers RNA to GDP, and forms the core cap structure GpppA-RNA.[ARBA:ARBA00034462] The replicase polyprotein of coronaviruses is a multifunctional protein: it contains the activities necessary for the transcription of negative stranded RNA, leader RNA, subgenomic mRNAs and progeny virion RNA as well as proteinases responsible for the cleavage of the polyprotein into functional products.[ARBA:ARBA00003368] Publication Abstract from PubMedMiddle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly emerging human pathogen that was first isolated in 2012. MERS-CoV replication depends in part on a virus-encoded papain-like protease (PLpro) that cleaves the viral replicase polyproteins at three sites releasing non-structural protein (nsp) 1, nsp2 and nsp3. In addition to this replicative function, MERS-CoV PLpro was recently shown to possess deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activities, as previously reported for other coronaviral PLpro domains including that of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). These activities have been suggested to suppress host antiviral responses during infection. To understand the molecular basis for ubiquitin (Ub) recognition and deconjugation by MERS-CoV PLpro, we determined its crystal structure in complex with Ub. Guided by this structure, mutations were introduced into PLpro to specifically disrupt Ub binding without affecting viral polyprotein cleavage, as determined using an in trans nsp3|4 cleavage assay. Having developed a strategy to selectively disable PLpro DUB activity, we were able to specifically examine the effects of this activity on the innate immune response. Whereas the wild-type PLpro domain was found to suppress IFN-beta promoter activation, PLpro variants specifically lacking DUB activity were no longer able to do so. These findings directly implicate the DUB function of PLpro, and not its proteolytic activity per se, in the inhibition of IFN-beta promoter activity. The ability to decouple the DUB activity of PLpro from its role in viral polyprotein processing now provides an approach to further dissect the role(s) of PLpro as a viral DUB during MERS-CoV infection. Crystal Structure of the MERS Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Bound to Ubiquitin Facilitates Targeted Disruption of Deubiquitinating Activity to Demonstrate its Role in Innate Immune Suppression.,Bailey-Elkin BA, Knaap RC, Johnson GG, Dalebout TJ, Ninaber DK, van Kasteren PB, Bredenbeek PJ, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Mark BL J Biol Chem. 2014 Oct 15. pii: jbc.M114.609644. PMID:25320088[1] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. 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