6mfg
From Proteopedia
HLA-DQ2-glia-alpha1
Structural highlights
FunctionDQA1_HUMAN Binds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding cleft accommodates peptides of 10-30 residues. The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mostly by degradation of proteins that access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases. Exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed by the APC are thus readily available for presentation via MHC II molecules, and for this reason this antigen presentation pathway is usually referred to as exogenous. As membrane proteins on their way to degradation in lysosomes as part of their normal turn-over are also contained in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, exogenous antigens must compete with those derived from endogenous components. Autophagy is also a source of endogenous peptides, autophagosomes constitutively fuse with MHC class II loading compartments. In addition to APCs, other cells of the gastrointestinal tract, such as epithelial cells, express MHC class II molecules and CD74 and act as APCs, which is an unusual trait of the GI tract. To produce a MHC class II molecule that presents an antigen, three MHC class II molecules (heterodimers of an alpha and a beta chain) associate with a CD74 trimer in the ER to form a heterononamer. Soon after the entry of this complex into the endosomal/lysosomal system where antigen processing occurs, CD74 undergoes a sequential degradation by various proteases, including CTSS and CTSL, leaving a small fragment termed CLIP (class-II-associated invariant chain peptide). The removal of CLIP is facilitated by HLA-DM via direct binding to the alpha-beta-CLIP complex so that CLIP is released. HLA-DM stabilizes MHC class II molecules until primary high affinity antigenic peptides are bound. The MHC II molecule bound to a peptide is then transported to the cell membrane surface. In B-cells, the interaction between HLA-DM and MHC class II molecules is regulated by HLA-DO. Primary dendritic cells (DCs) also to express HLA-DO. Lysosomal miroenvironment has been implicated in the regulation of antigen loading into MHC II molecules, increased acidification produces increased proteolysis and efficient peptide loading. Publication Abstract from PubMedCeliac disease (CeD) provides an opportunity to study the specificity underlying human T-cell responses to an array of similar epitopes presented by the same human leukocyte antigen-II (HLA-II) molecule. Here, we investigated T-cell responses to the two immunodominant and highly homologous HLA-DQ2.5-restricted gluten epitopes, DQ2.5-glia-alpha1a (PFPQPELPY) and DQ2.5-glia-omega1 (PFPQPEQPF). Using HLA-DQ2.5:DQ2.5-glia-alpha1a and HLA-DQ2.5:DQ2.5-glia-omega1 tetramers and single-cell alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, we observed that despite similarity in biased variable-gene usage in the TCR repertoire responding to these nearly identical peptide:HLA-II complexes, most of the T cells are specific for either of the two epitopes. To understand the molecular basis of this exquisite fine specificity, we undertook Ala substitution assays revealing that the p7 residue (Leu/Gln) is critical for specific epitope recognition by both DQ2.5-glia-alpha1a and DQ2.5-glia-omega1-reactive T-cell clones. We determined high-resolution binary crystal structures of HLA-DQ2.5 bound to DQ2.5-glia-alpha1a (2.0 A) and DQ2.5-glia-omega1 (2.6 A). These structures disclosed that differences around the p7 residue subtly alter the neighboring sub-structure and electrostatic properties of the HLA-DQ2.5-peptide complex, providing the fine specificity underlying the responses against these two highly homologous gluten epitopes. This study underscores the ability of TCRs to recognize subtle differences in the peptide:HLA-II landscape in a human disease setting. Discriminative T-cell receptor recognition of highly homologous HLA-DQ2-bound gluten epitopes.,Dahal-Koirala S, Ciacchi L, Petersen J, Risnes LF, Neumann RS, Christophersen A, Lundin KEA, Reid HH, Qiao SW, Rossjohn J, Sollid LM J Biol Chem. 2018 Nov 19. pii: RA118.005736. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.005736. PMID:30455354[1] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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