Gag polyprotein

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Contents

Function

The Gag polyprotein (Gag) is part of the basic infrastructure of retroviruses. The Gag is processed during maturation to matrix protein (MA), capsid protein (CA), spacer peptides (SP1, SP2), nucleocapsid protein (NC) and p6. For detailed discussion of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein see Hiv-1 gag.

Gag of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is a primary protein involved in the packaging of two copies of the viral genome for capsid formation [1]. In the cytoplasm of the infected cell, Gag is translated and approximately 1500 copies of the immature HIV-1 Gag polyprotein 1l6n come together to form an immature viral particle. After budding of the viral particle, viral proteases cleave the Gag protein into three structurally different products: the matrix, the capsid, and the nucleocapsid. The protealytic cleavage results in viral maturation and induces significant structural changes of the protein products. Following this proteolysis, the viral particle takes on the classic cone shape required for a new infection.

Capsid (CA) Domain

Overall, the mature CAN domain is very similar in structure to the corresponding domain of the immature Gag283 polyprotein. The CAN protein contains 7 α-helices (helix 1-helix 7) that pack together to form a triangular shape, which helps facilitate the final complex formation for the capsid core particles. There are two significant structural differences between the immature and mature versions of the CAN domain: an N-terminal β-hairpin and a 2-Angstrom displacement of helix 6.

In the mature CAN protein, the N-terminal residues form an anti-parallel β-hairpin instead of the random coil that is observed when the same residues are compared in the immature Gag283 polyprotein. The NH2+ group of the N-terminus proline establishes a salt bridge with a nearby aspartic acid, which stabilizes the β-hairpin. This N-terminal β-hairpin is required for the final formation of the viral capsid, and many studies have shown through conservation and mutagenesis that this β-hairpin is responsible for the stabilization of the protein complexes involved in the capsid formation [2][3].

As a side effect of the β-hairpin formation, the helix 6 is displaced by approximately 2-Angstroms. This displacement, though structurally minor, causes significant biological changes in the protein. Most importantly, helix 6 interacts with the protein cyclophilin A (CypA)-binding site. CypA is a prolyl isomerase and chaperone protein involved in the infection process by aiding in unpacking the capsid [4][5][6].

Implications

HIV-1 viral particles need to form a capsid cone-like structure prior to infection of the host cell. The protealytic cleavage of the immature Gag283 polyprotein results in a capsid domain. This post-translational modification is essential to the formation of the core structure. Many studies have shown that the β-hairpin formed after maturation is essential for the capsid core particle formation [2][3]. As a result of the β-hairpin formation, the helix 6 is displaced causing an allosteric mechanism for CpyA binding. Overall, the maturation of Gag283 and formation of the mature CA protein is essential for core capsid particle creation and consequently final infection.

3D structures of Gag polyprotein

Gag polyprotein 3D structures


Gag polyprotein N-terminal capsid domain of HIV-2 (PDB entry 2wlv)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

Contents

Additional Resources

For additional information, see: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Reference

  1. Coffin, J., S. Hughes, and H. Varmus, Retroviruses. 1997: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Gitti RK, Lee BM, Walker J, Summers MF, Yoo S, Sundquist WI. Structure of the amino-terminal core domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. Science. 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):231-5. PMID:8662505
  3. 3.0 3.1 von Schwedler UK, Stemmler TL, Klishko VY, Li S, Albertine KH, Davis DR, Sundquist WI. Proteolytic refolding of the HIV-1 capsid protein amino-terminus facilitates viral core assembly. EMBO J. 1998 Mar 16;17(6):1555-68. PMID:9501077 doi:10.1093/emboj/17.6.1555
  4. Braaten D, Franke EK, Luban J. Cyclophilin A is required for an early step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 before the initiation of reverse transcription. J Virol. 1996 Jun;70(6):3551-60. PMID:8648689
  5. Thali M, Bukovsky A, Kondo E, Rosenwirth B, Walsh CT, Sodroski J, Gottlinger HG. Functional association of cyclophilin A with HIV-1 virions. Nature. 1994 Nov 24;372(6504):363-5. PMID:7969495 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372363a0
  6. Ackerson B, Rey O, Canon J, Krogstad P. Cells with high cyclophilin A content support replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag mutants with decreased ability to incorporate cyclophilin A. J Virol. 1998 Jan;72(1):303-8. PMID:9420228

Team from University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Students: Zheng Wang, Allison Tegge, Xin Deng
Advisors: Jianlin Cheng, PhD, Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, the Life Science Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia
Mentor: Chun Tang, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia

NMR Equipment and the Authors

Created by Allison Tegge and David Canner

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Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky, Joel L. Sussman

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