Shank protein

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      Shank (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein) Family Proteins are scaffolding proteins found in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses. The PSD, a structure within the postsynaptic membrane of dendritic spines, contains a complex assembly of proteins which organize neurotransmitter receptors and regulatory elements.[1] The PSD coordinates communication of incoming signals to various targets and changes its composition in response to neural signals to aid neuronal plasticity[2] Shank proteins function as the master organizer of the PSD with their ability to recruit and form multimeric complexes with postsynaptic receptors, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal proteins, like AMPA, Neuroligin and NMDA glutamate receptors.[3] Within the PSD, there are over 300 individual shank molecules, roughly 5% of the total protein molecules within the PSD.[4] Shanks contain five domains for protein-protein interactions, including an ankyrin repeat domain, used to bind acting regulating proteins, an Src homology 3 (Sh3) domain, used to bind AMPA receptors, a PDZ domain, used to bind G protein coupled receptors, several proline-rich domains, and a C-terminal SAM domain, which is responsible for mediating Shank multimerization. (See Image)[1] Shank also mediates the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons.[3] See also Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
  • SHANK1 mutations were detected in individuals with autism spectrum disorders[5].
  • SHANK2 is located at the postsynaptic membrane of glutamatergic neurons[6].
  • SHANK3 is enriched at the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses[7].

Chromosome 22q13 Deletion Syndrome

     Chromosome 22q13 deletion syndrome (22q13DS) is a neurobehavioral syndrome marked by global developmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) features.[3] The Shank-3 gene is located within this region of chromosome 22. Studies have revealed that point mutations in Shank-3 can cause the neurodevelopmental symptoms associated with 22q13DS, accounting for 1% of all autism cases.[8] At the molecular level, disruption of the full length Shank-3 protein reduces AMPA receptor signaling and spine remodeling.[4]Mice who were haploinsufficient for Shank-3, emitted fewer ultrasonic vocalizations during interactions with estrus female mice, a behavior reminiscent of that seen in Autism patients. Further, Shank knockout mice have less dendritic spine development, a diminished PSD size, decreased levels of proteins GKAP and Homer, and greatly impaired synaptic signaling. Interestingly, overexpression of Shank-3 may also result in an ASD, supporting the hypothesis that Autism is caused by improper Excitatory/Inhibitory neuronal ratios in the brain.[4] Measurements of broad miRNA expression levels in Autism patients uncovered aberrant levels of miRNAs for genes involved in ASDs like MeCP2, the cause of Rett Syndrome, NRXN-1, a gene implicated in ASDs, and Shank-3, adding support to Shank-3’s role in autism.[9] Due to the marked reduction in AMPA receptor signalling in Shank-3 mutants, compounds that enhance AMPA transmission (AMPAkinses) serve as potential therapeutic approaches to treating some ASDs.[4]

βPIX Structure

     βPIX is a protein belonging to a group of guanine nucleotide exchange factors used by Rho GTPase family members, like Rac1 and Cdc42. Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the actin cytoskeleton of synapses.[10] PIX has an N-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain which associates with PAK, a coiled-coil (CC) domain, which is critical for multimerization, and a C-terminal PDZ binding domain which interacts with the PDZ domain of Shank.[10] The interaction of Shank with βPIX promotes the synaptic localization of βPIX and βPIX associated p21 Associated Kinase (PAK). Since PAK regulates actin cytoskeletons, and dendritic spines are actin-rich structures, it is believed that Shank recruits βPIX to dendritic spines to regulate the PSD.[1]

Shank Family Protein Structure

     The canonical PDZ domain contains 90 amino acids and folds into a compact globular structure consisting of a six-stranded β-sandwich flanked by two alpha helices.[10] βPIX possess a parallel trimer via helical hydrophobic interactions within its CC domain, a proline to break the helix, and a PDZ binding domain at the C-terminus. Interestingly, only 1 Shank molecule is bound to the CC domain trimer of βPIX in an asymettric assembly. The 8-residue PDZ binding domain of βPIX forms a number of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the Shank PDZ domain. Shank-3-Arg 679 forms the most critical interaction with βPIX, tightly H-Bonding Glutamate 643, forming 2 weak bonds with Phe 696, and Van der Waals interactions with ring of Phe 696. Abolishing this interaction through mutagenesis completely eliminates the assembly. Upon binding of βPIX, the PDZ domain undergoes a significant conformational change. Lys 682 undergoes a nearly 11 Angstrom displacement to make room for the βPIX PDZ binding domain.[10]

Shank Oligomerization

     Shank proteins are positioned between scaffolding proteins that are bound to either neurotransmitter receptors or the actin cytoskeleton. This puts Shank proteins in a perfect position to create the underlying structure of the PSD.[2] The SAM domain of Shank-3 can oligomerize (Alternate View) to form large sheets composed of helical fibers stacked side by side. The proposed sheet structure with radially projecting protein interaction domains, is ideal architecture for a protein that must contact both membrane and cytoplasmic components at a synaptic surface.[2] It resembles the structure of a peg board, with Shank oligomers forming the board and PIX proteins forming the pegs to which things attach. Models of this sort validate the importance of Shank-3 as master scaffolding proteins and illustrate how slight mutations can disrupt an entire PSD and synaptic function.



Page Development

This article was developed based on lectures given in Chemistry 543 by Prof. Clarence E. Schutt at Princeton University.

3D structures of Shank Family Proteins

Updated on 12-August-2024

6cpi – hSHK1 SH3 domain – human - NMR

1q3o – rSHK1 PDZ domain – rat
1q3p – rSHK1 PDZ domain + guanylate kinase-associated protein peptide
3l4f - rSHK1 PDZ domain + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 C terminal
3qjm, 3qjn - rSHK1 PDZ domain + β-PIX
3o5n - rSHK1 PDZ domain + inhibitor
5o99 – rSHK2 SH3 domain
6cpj – rSHK2 SH3 domain - NMR
2f3n, 2f44 – rSHK3 SAM domain (mutant)
5g4x – rSHK3 N-terminal
5ova – rSHK3 PDZ domain
5ovc, 5ovp, 5ovv, 6exj – rSHK3 PDZ domain + peptide
5izu – SHK3 residues 533-655 + SAPAP3 peptide - mouse
6kyk – mSHK3 NTD-ANK domain (mutant) + RAP1
6kyh – mSHK3 NTD-ANK domain (mutant) + HRas

References

Structure of rat Shank1 protein PDZ domain trimer complex with guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 C terminal (yellow), 3l4f

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, Park D, Sheng M, Kim E. The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 23;278(21):19220-9. Epub 2003 Mar 7. PMID:12626503 doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Baron MK, Boeckers TM, Vaida B, Faham S, Gingery M, Sawaya MR, Salyer D, Gundelfinger ED, Bowie JU. An architectural framework that may lie at the core of the postsynaptic density. Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):531-5. PMID:16439662 doi:311/5760/531
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Durand CM, Betancur C, Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Chaste P, Fauchereau F, Nygren G, Rastam M, Gillberg IC, Anckarsater H, Sponheim E, Goubran-Botros H, Delorme R, Chabane N, Mouren-Simeoni MC, de Mas P, Bieth E, Roge B, Heron D, Burglen L, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T. Mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 are associated with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):25-7. Epub 2006 Dec 17. PMID:17173049 doi:ng1933
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bozdagi O, Sakurai T, Papapetrou D, Wang X, Dickstein DL, Takahashi N, Kajiwara Y, Yang M, Katz AM, Scattoni ML, Harris MJ, Saxena R, Silverman JL, Crawley JN, Zhou Q, Hof PR, Buxbaum JD. Haploinsufficiency of the autism-associated Shank3 gene leads to deficits in synaptic function, social interaction, and social communication. Mol Autism. 2010 Dec 17;1(1):15. PMID:21167025 doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-15
  5. Gong X, Wang H. SHANK1 and autism spectrum disorders. Sci China Life Sci. 2015 Oct;58(10):985-90. PMID:26335738 doi:10.1007/s11427-015-4892-6
  6. Caumes R, Smol T, Thuillier C, Balerdi M, Lestienne-Roche C, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Ghoumid J. Phenotypic spectrum of SHANK2-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Eur J Med Genet. 2020 Dec;63(12):104072. PMID:32987185 doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104072
  7. Uchino S, Waga C. SHANK3 as an autism spectrum disorder-associated gene. Brain Dev. 2013 Feb;35(2):106-10. PMID:22749736 doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.013
  8. Garber K. Neuroscience. Autism's cause may reside in abnormalities at the synapse. Science. 2007 Jul 13;317(5835):190-1. PMID:17626859 doi:10.1126/science.317.5835.190
  9. Abu-Elneel K, Liu T, Gazzaniga FS, Nishimura Y, Wall DP, Geschwind DH, Lao K, Kosik KS. Heterogeneous dysregulation of microRNAs across the autism spectrum. Neurogenetics. 2008 Jul;9(3):153-61. Epub 2008 Jun 19. PMID:18563458 doi:10.1007/s10048-008-0133-5
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Im YJ, Kang GB, Lee JH, Park KR, Song HE, Kim E, Song WK, Park D, Eom SH. Structural basis for asymmetric association of the betaPIX coiled coil and shank PDZ. J Mol Biol. 2010 Mar 26;397(2):457-66. Epub 2010 Jan 29. PMID:20117114 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.048

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