TLR signaling pathway

From Proteopedia

Toll-like receptors, often abbreviated TLRs, are found on the surface of phagocytic cells of vertebrates and invertebrates and are critical to the innate immune system. The Toll-like receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens, such as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, or CpG DNA, and initiate an intracellular kinase cascade, inducing an immediate defensive response.[1][2] See Inflammation & Rheumatoid Arthritis. The receptors are multi-domain structures consisting of an extracellular ectodomain, a transmembrane domain and a intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. The extracellular domains contain leucine-rich repeats. See also Enzyme-linked receptor. TLR2 is likely involved in specific B cell-mediated functions[3]. TLR4 is the central lipid recognition protein in the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex[4]. TLR5 protects mice against Clostridium induced colitis [5]. TLR6 is involved in the discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by the immune system[6]. TLR7 stimulation promotes autoimmune diabetes in mice[7]. TLR8 is linked to the control of CD4+ regulatory T cells[8]. TLR9 is involved in the activation of innate immunity[9]. TLR10 see Toll-like receptor 10. TLR13 is activated by a motif in bacterial ribosome 23S RNA and is not present in human[10].   Articles in Proteopedia concerning Toll-like Receptors include: Leucine-rich repeat Membrane proteins To view automatically seeded indices concerning Toll-like Receptors, see: Toll pathway Toll-like receptor Toll Toll like receptor adaptor domain TLR A variant of TLR3 confers protection agains geographical atrophy[11]. TLR3 is activated during viral infection[12]. TLR10 is a functional receptor involved in the innate immune response to H.pylori infection[13].

Jmol._Canvas2D (Jmol) "jmolApplet1"[x] loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/core/package.js loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/core/corejmol.z.js loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/J/translation/PO.js loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/core/corescript.z.js JSmol exec jmolApplet1 start applet null Jmol JavaScript applet jmolApplet1__2772797397102593__ initializing Jmol getValue debug null Jmol getValue logLevel null Jmol getValue allowjavascript null AppletRegistry.checkIn(jmolApplet1__2772797397102593__) vwrOptions: { "name":"jmolApplet1","applet":true,"documentBase":"https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/TLR_signaling_pathway","platform":"J.awtjs2d.Platform","fullName":"jmolApplet1__2772797397102593__","codePath":"https:/wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/","display":"jmolApplet1_canvas2d","loadStructCallback":"manageLoadStructCallback","signedApplet":"true","appletReadyCallback":"Jmol._readyCallback","statusListener":"[J.appletjs.Jmol object]","syncId":"2772797397102593","messageCallback":"msgCb","bgcolor":"white" } setting document base to "https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/TLR_signaling_pathway" (C) 2015 Jmol Development Jmol Version: 14.31.8 2020-09-26 10:04 java.vendor: Java2Script (HTML5) java.version: 2019-06-08 00:17:46 (JSmol/j2s) os.name: Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com) Access: ALL memory: 0.0/0.0 processors available: 1 useCommandThread: false appletId:jmolApplet1 (signed) Jmol getValue emulate null defaults = "Jmol" Jmol getValue boxbgcolor null Jmol getValue bgcolor white backgroundColor = "white" Jmol getValue ANIMFRAMECallback null Jmol getValue APPLETREADYCallback Jmol._readyCallback APPLETREADYCallback = "Jmol._readyCallback" StatusManager callback set for APPLETREADYCallback f=Jmol._readyCallback cb=APPLETREADY Jmol getValue ATOMMOVEDCallback null Jmol getValue AUDIOCallback null Jmol getValue CLICKCallback null Jmol getValue DRAGDROPCallback null Jmol getValue ECHOCallback null Jmol getValue ERRORCallback null Jmol getValue EVALCallback null Jmol getValue HOVERCallback null Jmol getValue IMAGECallback null Jmol getValue LOADSTRUCTCallback manageLoadStructCallback LOADSTRUCTCallback = "manageLoadStructCallback" StatusManager callback set for LOADSTRUCTCallback f=manageLoadStructCallback cb=LOADSTRUCT Jmol getValue MEASURECallback null Jmol getValue MESSAGECallback msgCb MESSAGECallback = "msgCb" StatusManager callback set for MESSAGECallback f=msgCb cb=MESSAGE Jmol getValue MINIMIZATIONCallback null Jmol getValue SERVICECallback null Jmol getValue PICKCallback null Jmol getValue RESIZECallback null Jmol getValue SCRIPTCallback null Jmol getValue SYNCCallback null Jmol getValue STRUCTUREMODIFIEDCallback null Jmol getValue doTranslate null language=en_US Jmol getValue doTranslate null Note -- Presence of message callback disables disable translation; to enable message translation use jmolSetTranslation(true) prior to jmolApplet() Note -- language translation disabled Jmol getValue popupMenu null Jmol getValue script null Jmol getValue loadInline null Jmol getValue load null Jmol applet jmolApplet1__2772797397102593__ ready script 1 started pdbGetHeader = true FileManager opening url https://proteopedia.org/wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/functions.spt?1733933141 loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/core/coretext.z.js Loading, please wait ... platformSpeed = 8 FileManager opening url https://proteopedia.org/wiki/scripts/Toll-like_Receptors/3ciynice/1.spt loadScript /wiki/extensions/jsmol/j2s/J/thread/MoveToThread.js spinqualitylabelsall models Glycosylated mouse toll-like receptor 3 dimer complex with double-stranded RNA 3ciy Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image

References

1. ↑ Gong J, Wei T, Zhang N, Jamitzky F, Heckl WM, Rossle SC, Stark RW. TollML: a database of toll-like receptor structural motifs. J Mol Model. 2010 Jul;16(7):1283-9. Epub 2010 Jan 19. PMID:20084417 doi:10.1007/s00894-009-0640-9
2. ↑ Arancibia SA, Beltran CJ, Aguirre IM, Silva P, Peralta AL, Malinarich F, Hermoso MA. Toll-like receptors are key participants in innate immune responses. Biol Res. 2007;40(2):97-112. Epub 2007 Nov 21. PMID:18064347 doi:/S0716-97602007000200001
3. ↑ Ganley-Leal LM, Liu X, Wetzler LM. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated human B cell differentiation. Clin Immunol. 2006 Sep;120(3):272-84. PMID:16766226 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.571
4. ↑ Lien E, Means TK, Heine H, Yoshimura A, Kusumoto S, Fukase K, Fenton MJ, Oikawa M, Qureshi N, Monks B, Finberg RW, Ingalls RR, Golenbock DT. Toll-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest. 2000 Feb;105(4):497-504. PMID:10683379 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI8541
5. ↑ Jarchum I, Liu M, Lipuma L, Pamer EG. Toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute Clostridium difficile colitis. Infect Immun. 2011 Apr;79(4):1498-503. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01196-10. Epub 2011 Jan, 18. PMID:21245274 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01196-10
6. ↑ Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Muhlradt PF, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S. Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol. 2001 Jul;13(7):933-40. PMID:11431423
7. ↑ Lee AS, Ghoreishi M, Cheng WK, Chang TY, Zhang YQ, Dutz JP. Toll-like receptor 7 stimulation promotes autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Diabetologia. 2011 Jun;54(6):1407-16. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2083-y. Epub 2011, Feb 22. PMID:21340621 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2083-y
8. ↑ Peng G, Guo Z, Kiniwa Y, Voo KS, Peng W, Fu T, Wang DY, Li Y, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-like receptor 8-mediated reversal of CD4+ regulatory T cell function. Science. 2005 Aug 26;309(5739):1380-4. PMID:16123302 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113401
9. ↑ Ashkar AA, Rosenthal KL. Toll-like receptor 9, CpG DNA and innate immunity. Curr Mol Med. 2002 Sep;2(6):545-56. PMID:12243247
10. ↑ Signorino G, Mohammadi N, Patane F, Buscetta M, Venza M, Venza I, Mancuso G, Midiri A, Alexopoulou L, Teti G, Biondo C, Beninati C. Role of Toll-like receptor 13 in innate immune recognition of group B streptococci. Infect Immun. 2014 Dec;82(12):5013-22. doi: 10.1128/IAI.02282-14. Epub 2014 Sep, 15. PMID:25225249 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.02282-14
11. ↑ . PMID:218753640
12. ↑ Stridh L, Mottahedin A, Johansson ME, Valdez RC, Northington F, Wang X, Mallard C. Toll-like receptor-3 activation increases the vulnerability of the neonatal brain to hypoxia-ischemia. J Neurosci. 2013 Jul 17;33(29):12041-51. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0673-13.2013. PMID:23864690 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0673-13.2013
13. ↑ Nagashima H, Iwatani S, Cruz M, Jimenez Abreu JA, Uchida T, Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Toll-like Receptor 10 in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 15;212(10):1666-76. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv270. Epub 2015 , May 14. PMID:25977263 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv270