Toll-like receptors, often abbreviated TLRs, are found on the surface of phagocytic cells of vertebrates and invertebrates and are critical to the innate immune system. The Toll-like receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens, such as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, or CpG DNA, and initiate an intracellular kinase cascade, inducing an immediate defensive response.[1][2] See Inflammation & Rheumatoid Arthritis. The receptors are multi-domain structures consisting of an extracellular ectodomain, a transmembrane domain and a intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. The extracellular domains contain leucine-rich repeats. See also Enzyme-linked receptor.
- TLR2 is likely involved in specific B cell-mediated functions[3].
- TLR4 is the central lipid recognition protein in the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex[4].
- TLR5 protects mice against Clostridium induced colitis [5].
- TLR6 is involved in the discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by the immune system[6].
- TLR7 stimulation promotes autoimmune diabetes in mice[7].
- TLR8 is linked to the control of CD4+ regulatory T cells[8].
- TLR9 is involved in the activation of innate immunity[9].
- TLR10 see Toll-like receptor 10.
- TLR13 is activated by a motif in bacterial ribosome 23S RNA and is not present in human[10].
Articles in Proteopedia concerning Toll-like Receptors include:
To view automatically seeded indices concerning Toll-like Receptors, see:
A variant of TLR3 confers protection agains geographical atrophy[11]. TLR3 is activated during viral infection[12]. TLR10 is a functional receptor involved in the innate immune response to H.pylori infection[13].
