Gilman sandbox 1

From Proteopedia

spinqualitylabelsall models Human phosphoglucose isomerase (1IAT) Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image

Phosphoglucoisomerase (alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase or Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) are a group of enzymes of the isomerase family (EC 5.3.1.9), so named for their main function in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In both these pathways phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is used to inter-convert glucose-6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. This reaction is driven by the relative concentrations of these sugars in the cytoplasmic matrix of the cell ^[1]. The overall reaction can be seen here Image:Phosphoglucose Isomerase1.pdf.

Phosphoglucoisomerase is also known for a list of activities:

• Neuroleukin (NLK)- nerve growth factor. Secreted by T cells, promotes the survival of certain sensory and embryonic nerve cells. Also used to stimulate the production of immunoglobulin ^[2].
• Autocrine motility factor (AMF)- product of tumor cells, it promotes cell migration and viewed as a possible cause in cancer metastasis^[3].
• Maturation factor(MF) ^[4]
• Myofibril-bound serine protese inhibitor (MBSPI)^[5]
• PGI is important for metabolism in many different clades, including eukarya, bacteria, and archea. ^[6].
• Involved in Gluconeogenesis in which it catalyzes the reaction of D-glucose to D-Fructose

Structure

spinqualitylabelsall models Phosphoglucose isomerase Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image

Figure 1. Multiple alignment PGI - Geobacillus stearothermophilus (white), Homo sapiens (pink), Oryctolagus cuniculus (blue)^[7]

Phosphoglucose isomerase exists in the cell usually as a , nevertheless outside of the cell, it has been isolated as a structure. PGI has essentially an identical fold in all of the characterized species (see Figure 1). The of phosphoglucose isomerase is charaterized by an αβα conformation, on each of its two domains. The smaller domain is characterized by 5 parallel β-sheets, while the larger domain if formed out of 6 parallel/antiparallel β-sheets. Furthermore, another characteristic trait is a residue extension at the C-terminus, which wraps around the other monomer in the dimeric conformation. A "hook" that can potentially be involved in the previously mentioned extracellular activities.

Phosphoglucose isomerase has a monomer molecular mass of proximately 55 kDa.

Active Site - Mammalian PGI shows a degree of ( dark red for highly conserved regions - dark blue for variable reigions) of about 90 %. The is the region with highest observed conservation, containing a number of residues that are crucial in the enzyme-substrate interaction mechanism (Lys210, Gln353, Glu357, Gln511, Lys518, His388b). Lys518(His388) and Glu357 are the main components of ring opening, while many of the other residues can be used for stabliziation and orientation.

Another characteristic of phosphoglucose isomerase is that binding of substrate at the active site induces a small movement in the conformation of the enzyme. This can be seen in Figure 2 as change in the position of an α helix.

Figure 2. Substrate induced movement

Mechanism

The proposed reaction mechanism of PGI for the reversible conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate involves an acid/base catalysis by the enzyme. The basic mechanism involves the isomerization of an aldose to a ketose. This is performed by a ring opening, followed by an isomeration of the opened ring, then a ring closing. A detailed step by step mechanism of this process can be seen as follows ^[8]:

Step 1. The substrate binds to the enzyme.

Step 2. The residue Lys518 (or His388b) acts as an enzymatic acid catalyzing the opening of the ring.

Step 3. Conserved Glu357 abstracts the acidic proton from C2 forming a cis-enendiol intermediate.

Step 4. Glu357 donates back the proton at the C1 position.

Step 5. Lys518 (or His388b) abstracts back the proton from the sugar ring oxygen, resulting in a ring closure, to give the product.

Regulation and Inhibition

Regulation of phosphoglucoisomerase is only done by the relative concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, towards equilibrium. Nevertheless, it was found that the kinetic parameters of PGI does depend on the pH and temperature of the environment. The following kinetic parameters are proposed for rabbit PGI at pH 8.5 and 30°C ^[9]

It is interesting to point the regulation of PGI in other aspects that are not involved in metabolism. For example, PGI acts as a "cytokine" outside the cell in that it can be used as a cell signalling protein. PGI has been found to to be associated with AMF cells, which is found to regulate tumor cell motility. Regulation of these extracellular "cytokine" PGI/AMF can be seen. The amount of PGI/AMF that is secreted inside and outside the cell based on infection ^[10].

Inhibition of the phosphoglucoisomerase regulated reaction of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate can also occur. Competitive competition can take place from inhibitors such as 5PAH. 5PAH resembles PGI, differing only in a nitrogen atom at the first carbon position. 5PAH is reported to have a Ki of .0000002 M ^[11].

Links

• Crystal Structure of human phosphoglucose isomerase (PDB=1iat)

• Crystal Structure of rabbit phosphoglucose isomerase complexed fructose 6-phosphate (PDB=1hox^[12])

• Other available structures 1dqr, 1g98, 1gzd, 1gzv, 1hm5, 1iri, 1jiq, 1jlh, 1koj, 1n8t, 1nuh, 1xtb.

Additional Resources

For additional information, see: Carbohydrate Metabolism

References

1. ↑ Read J, Pearce J, Li X, Muirhead H, Chirgwin J, Davies C. The crystal structure of human phosphoglucose isomerase at 1.6 A resolution: implications for catalytic mechanism, cytokine activity and haemolytic anaemia. J Mol Biol. 2001 Jun 1;309(2):447-63. PMID:11371164 doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4680
2. ↑ Gurney ME, Heinrich SP, Lee MR, Yin HS. Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons. Science. 1986 Oct 31;234(4776):566-74. PMID:3764429
3. ↑ Tanaka N, Haga A, Uemura H, Akiyama H, Funasaka T, Nagase H, Raz A, Nakamura KT. Inhibition mechanism of cytokine activity of human autocrine motility factor examined by crystal structure analyses and site-directed mutagenesis studies. J Mol Biol. 2002 May 10;318(4):985-97. PMID:12054796 doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00186-9
4. ↑ Xu W, Seiter K, Feldman E, Ahmed T, Chiao JW. The differentiation and maturation mediator for human myeloid leukemia cells shares homology with neuroleukin or phosphoglucose isomerase. Blood. 1996 Jun 1;87(11):4502-6. PMID:8639816
5. ↑ Cao MJ, Osatomi K, Matsuda R, Ohkubo M, Hara K, Ishihara T. Purification of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the skeletal muscle of white croaker (Argyrosomus argentatus). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 7;272(2):485-9. PMID:10833440 doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2803
6. ↑ Hansen T, Schlichting B, Grtozinger J, Swam MK, Davies C, Schonheit P. Mutagentic and catalytically residues of cupin type phosphoglucose isomerase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. FEBS Journal. 2005; 272(24): 6266-75.
7. ↑ Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE. UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem. 2004 Oct;25(13):1605-12.
8. ↑ Voet D, Voet J, and Pratt C. Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print.
9. ↑ Dyson JE, Noltmann EA. The effect of pH and temperature on the kinetic parameters of phosphoglucose isomerase. Participation of histidine and lysine in a proposed dual function mechanism. J Biol Chem. 1968 Apr 10;243(7):1401-14. PMID:5647261
10. ↑ Funasaka T, Hu H, Yanagawa T, Hogan V, Raz A. Down-Regulation of Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factors Results in Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition of Human Lung Fibrosarcoma Cells. (2007) Cancer Res, 76(9)
11. ↑ Arsenieva D, Hardre R, Salmon L, Jeffery CJ. The crystal structure of rabbit phosphoglucose isomerase complex with 5-phospho-D-arabinonohydroxamic acid. (2002),PNAS, 99(9)
12. ↑ Lee JH, Chang KZ, Patel V, Jeffery CJ. Crystal structure of rabbit phosphoglucose isomerase complexed with its substrate D-fructose 6-phosphate. Biochemistry. 2001 Jul 3;40(26):7799-805. PMID:11425306