Signal transduction

spinqualitylabelsall models Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code 2bg9 Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image   Print3D Under development! Ligand Hormones and their receptors Hormone Growth factors Neurotransmitters Receptor Chemical communication in arthropods Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nos1) is functioning in cell signaling and communication - a vital part of the nervous tissue. Signaling Pathways: ABA Signaling Pathway ABA Signaling Pathway PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors Protein Phosphatase 2C ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase Protein Kinases: Calcium-dependent protein kinase Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Catalytic Domain Protein kinase C MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2 p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2) CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Protein Kinase A Chemotaxis: Chemotaxis protein, Histidine Kinase (HK) CheA relays signals from the transmembrane chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins/MCPs) to regulate bacterial chemotaxis. Molecular Playground/Cytoplasmic domain of chemoreceptor of Thermotoga maritima Molecular Playground/Bacterial Chemotaxis Receptors Molecular Playground/cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Mechanotransduction: Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen can bind to receptors (integrins). CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions. CD44 is a receptor of hyaluronic acid (HA). Mechanosensitive channels are involved in touch, hearing, and in maintaining osmotic balance. Thermoception Heat Shock Proteins Visual phototransduction Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells. Rhodopsin#Visual Signal Transduction Rhodopsin Structure and Function Photoreceptor pigments Retinal (in rhodopsin). Rhodopsin#Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin#Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal. Flavin (in cryptochrome). Cryptochrome 4 and JMS/cryptochrome. Protein phosphatases: Protein Phosphatase 2C ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C Second messengers cAMP Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Catabolite gene activator protein CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Protein Kinase A IP3 Phospholipase C and PLC beta 3 Gq Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including: 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B). α1 adrenergic receptors Calcitonin receptors Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C. Protein kinase C Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Paracrine signaling Sonic Hedgehog Sonic Hedgehog Protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures. Ca2+ signalling processes Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Calcium-dependent protein kinase Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Protein kinase C

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